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Reactions to the silver anniversary of Humanae Vitae (July 25, 1968) will predictably vary as much as the recent reac­tions of two cardinals. At the 12th Human Life International World Conference held in Houston (spring 1993), Alfonso L6pez Trujillo, the president of the Pontifical Council for the Family, referred to the teach­ing of the encyclical as a "gift of God." In a debate with Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (published in the monthly periodical, Jesus, in May 1992), Franz Konig, the retired Cardinal Archbishop of Vienna, referred to the "irritating distinction between artificial and natural contraception." Cardinal Konig stated: "Here [on birth regulation] we have ended up in a bottleneck above all because of the distinction (cast into doubt even by medicine) between artificial and natural, as if even from the moral viewpoint what is important is the trick of cheating nature."

It is quite possible to endorse both of these statements. The encyclical had many beautiful things to say about marriage and marital love. In this sense it was a gift. But its most controversial and "irritating" aspect was its rejection of every contraceptive act as intrinsically disordered.

When Humanae Vitae first appeared it caused a furor. My yellow and crumbling copy of the National Catholic Reporter for August 7, 1968, carries the headline: "Pau1 Issues Contraceptive Ban: Debate Flares on His Authority." Tom Burns, then the editor of the London Tablet, has said the encyclical was "the greatest challenge that came my way." Burns opposed the encyclical. He surmised that "never in the 150 years of the papers existence has an editor of The Tablet been presented with a problem of conscience and policy so grave as that which confronted me with the publication of Humanae Vitae."

With that sentence Burns probably summarized the anguish of many bishops, priests, theologians and lay people around the world. Episcopal conferences began issuing pastoral letters on the encyclical. These ran the gamut from celebration to qualification. For instance, the Belgian bishops stated: "Someone, however, who is competent in the matter under consideration and capable of forming a personal and well-founded judgment--which necessarily presupposes a sufficient amount of knowledge--may, after a serious examination before God, come to other conclusions on certain points. In such a case he has the right to follow his conviction provided that he remains sincerely disposed to continue his inquiry." Of those who arrived at conclusions differ­ent from Humanae Vitae, the Scandinavian bishops stat­ed: "No one should, therefore, on account of such diverg­ing opinions alone, be regarded as an inferior Catholic." The Canadian bishops made a similar statement: These Catholics should not be considered, or consider them­selves, shut off from the body of the faithful."

Charles Curran composed a statement critical of .the ecclesiology and methodology of Humanae Vitae. The statement concluded that "spouses may responsibly decide according to their conscience that artificial contra­ception in some circumstances is permissible and indeed necessary to preserve and foster the value and sacredness of marriage." This statement was eventually signed by over 600 theologians and other academics, including well-known theologians such as Bernard Haring, David Tracy, Richard McBrien, Walter Burghardt, Raymond Collins, Roland Murphy and Bernard McGinn. A group of European theologians met in Amsterdam on Sept. 18-­19, 1968, and issued a dissenting statement. The signato­ries included some of the best known theologians in Europe: J. M. Aubert, A. Auer, T. Beemer, F. Bockle, W. Bulst, P. Fransen, J. Groot, P. Huizing, L. Janssens, R. van Kessel, W. Klijn, F. Klostermann, E. McDonagh, C. Robert, P. Schoonenberg, M. de Wachter.

These were heady days indeed. Overnight, dissent became a front-burner issue. Any number of episcopal conferences mentioned its possibili­ty and legitimacy. The American bishops in their pastoral letter, "Human Life in Our Day" (Nov. 15, 1968), even laid out the norms for licit dissent. Expression of dissent is in order "only if the reasons are serious and well founded, if the manner of the dissent does not question or impugn the teaching authority of the Church and is such as not to give scandal." Paul VI himself, in a letter to the Congress of German Catholics (Aug. 30, 1968), stated: "May the lively debate aroused by our encyclical lead to a better knowledge of Gods will."

Summarizing in these pages (AM., 9/28/68) what had been said by several European hierarchies, Avery Dulles, SJ., issued this warning:

In view of the American tradition of freedom and pluralism, it would be a serious mistake to use the encyclical as a kind of Catholic loyalty test. Nothing could so quickly snuff out the spirit of per­sonal responsibility, which has done so much to invigorate American Catholicism in the past few years.

Nothing could be more discouraging to young people and intellectuals, upon whom the future of our Church so greatly depends. Nothing could be more destructive of the necessary autonomy of Catholic universities and journals, which have begun to prosper so well. Nothing, finally, could be more harmful to the mutual relations of trust and cordiality that have recently been established between bishops and theologians.

So what has happened in the past 25 years? Father Dulless worst fears have become reality. Five years after the publication of Humanae Vitae I wrote in these pages that the encyclical "produced shock and/or solace, suspension, silence--pretty much in that order" (7/21/73). I added that the matter of contraception pro­vokes a yawn of public boredom, and I worried aloud that the church, by doing nothing, was playing the ostrich in face of massive dissent and thereby compromising the credibility of the teaching office. I argued that "if dissent is to be taken seriously within the community, it cannot be viewed as simply legally tolerable, a kind of paternal eye-shutting to the errors or immaturities of a child." It must be viewed as a source of new reflection in the church. Otherwise, personal reflection has been ruled out of order in the teaching-learning process of the church.

A source of new reflection? That has not happened. The uneasy silence continued, abetted by the fact that many bishops and priests just did not have their hearts in it.

On Sept. 26, 1980, the fifth Synod of Bishops began. Its subject: the family. There were several interesting interventions touching birth regulation. Cardinal Basil Hume of England insisted that those who experience the sacrament of marriage constitute "an authentic fons the­ologiae [theological source]." For some, the problem of Humanae Vitae remains a real problem not because of their frailty and weakness. "They just cannot accept that the use of artificial means of contraception in some cir­cumstances is intrinsece inhonestum [intrinsically disor­dered]." Hume concluded that "if we [the Synod fathers] listen to all the different points of view," a right way will be found.

The most interesting intervention was that of Archbishop John R. Quinn of San Francisco. He noted that many men and women of good will do not accept the "intrinsic evil of each and every use of contraception." This conviction is shared by a majority of priests and the­ologians, a conviction found among "theologians and pastors whose learning, faith, discretion and dedication to the church are beyond doubt." Archbishop Quinn argued that this cannot be dismissed. He noted that the church "has always recognized the principle and fact of doctrinal development." Therefore, he proposed three things: 1) a new context for the teaching; 2) a widespread and worldwide dialogue between the Holy See and the­ologians on the meaning of this dissent; 3) careful attention to the process by which magisterial documents are written and communicated. He then elaborated these three points.

This was a careful, realistic and courageous statement. Careful--because the problem was stated accurately. For instance, Archbishop Quinn noted that the problem of many theologians is not that they view con­traception as "simply something good, desirable or indif­ferent." The problem is the usage of "intrinsically evil" to apply to every contraceptive act. Realistic--because Archbishop Quinn was absolutely correct in saying that "this problem is not going to be solved or reduced merely by a simple reiteration of past formulations or by ignor­ing the fact of dissent." Courageous--because the sug­gestions were made in the presence of the Pope, whose views on this matter were well known and who therefore could not be thought to have called the Synod to have them questioned. I say "questioned" because Archbishop Quinn did refer to "doctrinal development" in areas such as biblical studies and religious liberty. In these contexts development meant change.

Archbishop Quinns remarks were widely publicized and bluntly rejected by some American prelates of a more immobilist caste of mind. Interventions like those of Cardinal Hume and Archbishop Quinn got nowhere. The interesting intervention of Durbans Archbishop Denis Hurley ("the act of artificially limiting the exercise of one faculty of life is intrinsically evil while the act of exterminating life itself is not") never even made the published synopses of the Synod. It finally appeared in The Tablet (1980, pp. 1105-1107).

Thomas Reese, SJ., a reporter at the Synod, summa­rized events of the time as follows:

The lay auditors were not representative of the church, but were in fact firm promoters of natural family planning. The majority of Catholic families, which practice birth control, were not represented. Nor were dissenting theologians welcome at the Synod. As a result no true dialogue was really pos­sible. Any criticism of Humanae Vitae was consid­ered scandalous. The final message ignored the population crisis. Some bishops were afraid to say what they really thought because they feared they would be misrepresented by the press or seen as challenging positions held by Pope Paul VI and John Paul II (AM., 11/8/80).

The Tablet referred to "foregone conclusions virtually imposed on a so-called consultative body" (1980, p. 1059). In a word, the Synod was orchestrated, and per­haps that was a sign of things to come.

What things? The well-known fact that for some years now acceptance of Humanae Vitae has become one of the litmus tests for episcopal appointment. The fact that the­ologians who question it are excluded from speaking in some dioceses and seminaries, and are regularly denounced by the right wing press as "dissidents" and "disloyal." The fact that great numbers of Catholics no longer look to the church for enlightenment in the area of sexual morality. The fact that bishops do not feel free to state their opinions honestly.

At the present, therefore, we are far from Archbishop Quinns proposed worldwide dialogue between theologians and the Holy See, and from Cardinal Humes listening "to all the points of view." Rather, the atmosphere in the church on the matter of birth regulation is one of coercion. Bishop Kenneth Untener of Saginaw, Mich., adverted to this at the November 1990 U.S. bish­ops meeting. Of the churchs teaching on birth regula­tion, he said: "Many would compare us [bishops] to a dysfunctional family that is unable to talk openly about a problem that everyone knows is there."

John Paul II has become increasingly absolute and intransigent on the matter. On June 5, 1987, he stated to a conference on responsible procreation: "The Churchs teaching on contraception does not belong to the category of matter open to free discussion among theologians. Teaching the contrary amounts to leading the moral con­sciences of spouses into error" (LOsservatore Romano, English edition, July 6, 1987).

Indeed, the Sovereign Pontiff raises the stakes by tying the teaching to central truths of the faith (e.g., Gods goodness), a move often described in Germany as "dogmatization" (Dogmatisierung). This was protested by 163 theologians from Germany, Austria, the Netherlands and Switzerland in the so-called "Cologne Declaration" (Jan. 27, 1989). The concemsof this decla­ration were subsequently endorsed by 130 French theolo­gians, 60 Spanish theologians, 63 Italian theologians and 431 members of the Catholic Theological Society of America (Origins, Dec. 27, 1990).

Bernard Haring, C.SS.R., the eminent moral theolo­gian, has pointed out that there are in the church today two schools of thought (Commonweal, Feb. 10, 1989).

The first is that the contraceptive act is always a grave moral wrong regardless of circumstances. This is Gods law inscribed in human persons and confirmed by revela­tion. Those who doubt or deny this deny Gods holiness and reject the teaching of the church as well as of their own conscience.

The second position insists that the basic issue is not primarily one of method, but of attitude. Spouses are called to generous but responsible openness to new life. Where methods are concerned, more intrusive forms of contraception will not be used where less intrusive ones (natural family planning) satisfy the needs of marital love and responsible parenthood. But artificial methods cannot be ruled out as intrinsically morally wrong.

These positions have hardened over the years, and rea­soned discourse has often been replaced by the accusato­ry rhetoric of intolerance, especially by proponents of the first school of thought. The inability--or refusal--of the magisterium to deal with this problem except by repeti­tion has resulted in a debilitating malaise that has under­mined the credibility of the magisterium in other areas.

The anniversary of Humanae Vitae provides the occasion to raise two questions: 1. What is the issue? 2. What can the church do about the present impasse?

1. What is the issue?

There are, of course, any number of important issues inseparable from Humanae Vitae: the role of the pope and the other bishops in so-called "natural law" teaching; the sources of such teaching; the place of experience and human reflection; the binding force of the teaching; the reformability of such teaching, and so on. But the single issue that provoked the hailstorm of reactions was the teaching that every contraceptive act is intrinsically disor­dered (intrinsece inhonestum, No. 14). It is clear that Paul VI meant by this phrase intrinsically morally wrong. Absent that teaching, Humanae Vitae would be bannered as a beautiful contemporary statement on conjugal love and responsible parenthood.

At this point it would be helpful to emphasize what is not the issue. Certain apologists for Humanae Vitae assert that those who disagree with its central assertion "pro­mote contraception" and by implication denigrate natural family planning. That is seriously to misplace the con­temporary debate. Natural family planning is highly method-effective for highly motivated couples. For some, perhaps many, people it might be the method of choice, though how many can sustain the high motivation is a legitimate concern. But its desirability is not in question. The basic issue is the moral wrongfulness of some other methods. "Each and every marriage act must remain open to the transmission of life," the encyclical states. That teaching is elaborated as follows:

That teaching, often set forth by the magisterium, is founded upon the inseparable connection, willed by God and unable to be broken by man on his own initiative, between the two meanings of the conjugal act: the unitive meaning and the procreative mean­ing. Indeed, by its intimate structure, the conjugal act, while most closely uniting husband and wife, capacitates them for the generation of new lives, according to laws inscribed in the very being of man and woman. By safeguarding both these essential aspects, the unitive and the procreative, the conjugal act preserves in its fullness the sense of true mutual love and its ordination toward mans most high call­ing to parenthood (No. 12).

Paul VI believed that people of our day "are particular­ly capable of seizing the deeply reasonable and human character of this fundamental principle." That has not happened. Indeed, the negative reaction was so widespread and intense that Bishop Christopher Butler stated that the encyclical was not received by the church, a phenomenon he viewed as "invalidating" the teaching (reported in The Tablet, March 13, 1993).

In Familiaris Consortio (1981), John Paul II repeated Paul VIs condemnation of contraceptive interventions, but in more personalistic terms. Sexual intercourse is pre­sented as a language that "expresses the total reciprocal self-giving of husband and wife." But by contraceptive intervention this language is overlaid and contradicted by another language, "that of not giving oneself totally to the other."

The hidden supposition of this analysis is that self-giv­ing is determined by the physical openness of the individ­ual act. The burden of the discussion since Humanae Vitae has been precisely the question of whether the giv­ing of self can be tied so closely with the physical struc­ture of the act. As Lisa Sowle Cahill put it in her John Courtney Murray Forum lecture: "I am confident that most Catholic couples would be incredulous at the propo­sition that the use of artificial birth control necessarily makes their sexual intimacy selfish, dishonest and unfaithful. Nor is their valuing of parenthood based on their experience of isolated sex acts as having a certain procreative structure" (AM., 5/22/93). This considera­tion points us back to earlier history.

In commenting on the single controversial issue of Humanae Vitae, the late Bernard Lonergan, S.J., a renowned theologian, remarked: The traditional views [on contraception] to my mind are based on Aristotelian biolo­gy and later stuff which is all wrong. They havent got the facts straight" (Catholic New Times, Oct. 14, 1984).

What Lonergan was referring to was the analysis of the sexual act found in Aristotles De generatione animalium. Male seed was viewed as an efficient cause that changed the nutritive material supplied by the female. According to this view every act of insemination (intercourse) is of itself procreative.

We now know, of course, that Aristotle was wrong. It must be recalled here that it was only in 1827 that Karl Ernst von Baer published his discovery of the ovum. The relation of insemination to procreation, we now know, is not that of a per se cause to a per se effect. The relation of intercourse to procreation is statistical, the vast majority of acts not leading to conception. Paul VI stated that "the conjugal act ... capacitates them for the generation of new lives." That is true of only very few conjugal acts.

Humanae Vitae correctly acknowledges that sexual intercourse has a "unitive sense"; it expresses and nour­ishes mutual love. But it argues that each act also has a "procreative sense." This Lonergan, together with many others, contests. Even the encyclical seems shaky on this point. It notes that acts of sexual intercourse remain law­ful during foreseen infertile periods "since they always remain ordained towards expressing and consolidating their union" (No. 11). The rather clear implication is that there is no ordination towards procreation, no procreative sense. A procreative sense in every act would be under­standable if one accepted Aristotles biology. In this light phrases such as "an act per se apt for procreation" and "open to procreation" are linear descendants and contem­porary remnants of Aristotles view. Lonergan would argue, however, if the relation of intercourse to procre­ation is only statistical, then one must ask if this statistical relationship is inviolable. If it is, then even natural family planning is excluded. If it is not, then artificial contracep­tion can be permissible under certain conditions.

In summary, most theologians now argue that all forms of birth regulation--including natural family plan­ning--contain negative elements. These could be psycho­logical, medical, aesthetic, ecological. What they have denied is that introducing such elements in our conduct is always morally wrong. Attempts to establish this moral wrongfulness have been and still are viewed as unpersua­sive. As Cardinal Konig noted, a "bottleneck." We could say that many theologians accept the inseparability of the unitive and procreative if this inseparability is applied to the relationship, not each act. Couples bind themselves to a covenant that unites the conjugal and parental vocation. Their love is generously open to life, and procreation is the result of their deep personal love.

This raises the interesting question of the relation of a conclusion to the analyses available to support it. Paul VI was aware of this problem, for in No. 28 of the encyclical he exhorted priests to obedience "not only because of the reasons adduced, but rather because of the light of the Holy Spirit, which is given in a particular way to the pastors of the Church." It is certainly true that a teaching can be correct even when the reasons are faulty. But it is quite a different thing to propose a teaching of natural law as certain when, after many years, most theologians can find no persuasive reasoning to support its absoluteness.

Several bishops at the 1980 Synod asserted that Humanae Vitae was "certainly correct" but that "better reasons" had to be found to validate its conclusions. But what if after many years "better reasons" have not been found, at least as most theologians view the matter? To continue to maintain the conclusion as certainly correct is perilously close to saying that the formulation is correct regardless of the reasons. Catholic theological tradition will not, in my judgment, support this. And that brings us to the second point.

2. What should the church do about the present impasse?

Undoubtedly, there are those who would say that there would be no impasse and all would be well if theologians would fall in line and support the teaching of Humanae Vitae, or at least remain silent. Yet many would--and correctly, I believe--regard this as an abrogation of theo­logical responsibility and an act of disloyalty to the church and the Holy Father. As the late and eminent Karl Rahner put it: "What are contemporary moral theologians to make of Roman declarations on sexual morality that they regard as too unnuanced? Are they to remain silent, or is it their task to dissent, to give a more nuanced inter­pretation?" Rahners response is unhesitating: "I believe that the theologian, after mature reflection, has the right, and many times the duty, to speak out against (widersprechen) a teaching of the magisterium and to support his dissent" (Stimmen der Zeit, Vol. 198, 1980).

Bernard Haring proposed that the Pope establish a special commission and charge it with the task of inquir­ing of bishops, theological faculties and important lay people which of the two schools of thought mentioned above should prevail in the church. Theologian Andre Naud of the University of Montreal believes that Harings proposal is far more acceptable than the para­lyzed status quo, but he finally rejects it for two reasons. First, he believes it represents an investment dispropor­tionate to the importance of the matter, and one very like­ly to obscure the hierarchy of truths and to deepen the painful existing polarization. Second, it would rehash what is already known, since the issues have been on the table for many years (LEglise Canadienne, April 6, 1989).

Whether one sides with Harings or Nauds solution will very likely depend on where one locates the ques­tion. If the basic question is judged to be the problem of the means of birth regulation, Naud is probably right. No commission is going to affect the practice of Catholics. They have quietly taken this matter into their own con­sciences. But if the question is above all an authority problem, then something close to Harings proposal seems essential if the magisterium hopes to regain any credibility. Such a blue-ribbon commission would consti­tute a symbol of the churchs openness and willingness to discuss the matter afresh. It would renew hope in many alienated Catholics.

I view the matter of the churchs teaching on birth reg­ulation as dominantly an authority problem. By that I mean that any analysis, conclusion or process that chal­lenges or threatens previous authoritative statements is by that very fact rejected. Any modification of past authority is viewed as an attack on present authority. Behind such an attitude is an unacknowledged and historically unsup­portable triumphalism, the idea that the official teaching authority of the church is always right, never errs, is always totally adequate in its formulations. Vatican II rad­ically axed this idea in many ways, but nowhere more explicitly than in its November 1964 "Decree on Ecumenism": "Therefore, if the influence of events or of the times has led to deficiencies in conduct, in Church discipline, or even in the formulation of doctrine (which must be carefully distinguished from the deposit of faith itself), these should be appropriately rectified at the prop­er moment" (my emphasis, No.6).

But on this question that remains unthinkable. Thus Paul VI rejected the recommendations of his commission to modify church teaching because he was led to fear that his teaching authority would be eroded. Subsequent attempts (e.g., the Synod of 1980) to reopen the issue have been summarily rejected and the churchs teaching declared not "open to free discussion among theologians." A similar fear seems to lurk behind such assertions. What would happen if national episcopates would hold truly open consultations on birth regulation similar to those that led to the pastorals on peace and the economy? I think the answer is only too clear. We would have a replay of the deliberations of the Birth Control Commission, and, if we did, authority would see itself as threatened. Therefore it cannot happen. As Bishop Untener puts it: "a dysfunction­al family." The lesson of the open procedure on the pas­toral letters has not been learned: The best and only way to enhance authority in the modem world is to share it. To save our lives, so to speak, we must lose them. Catholics above all should know this.

On the 25th anniversary of Humanae Vitae it is important to point out, with Naud, that there are abiding substantial values that all disputants share and want to protect: the holiness of marriage, generous and responsible openness to life, the human character of the expression of married love, the fidelity and stability of marriage and respect for life. If these get lost in debates about the means of birth regulation, as I fear they may have, then to the malaise of polarization will have been added the tragedy of irrelevance. The means-question will have smothered the more basic message, a state of affairs from which only the Spirit can deliver us.

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16 years 2 months ago
Shame on me for taking on Richard A. McCormick, S.J. and practically the whole of the Catholic Theological Theological Society of America (at least those of 1990 era)! And, according to McCormick, most married Catholic couples! However, I must say that I find his tone to be triumphalist, his arguments to be focused on the physical, and his vision to be limited to arguing about one pane of a crystal cathedral. Really, he sounds like a very brilliant Jesuit in Formation who has completed just completed his Theology. Jestful thumps on the head aside, just where are the reasons and arguments of Humanae Vitae that McCormick (and others) decry as being not substantial. I don't see these reasons being addressed at all in his America Article of July 17,1993! I also want to note and investigate more his taking the term, "intrinsically disordered" and then switching it to "intrinsically evil" and then further to "grave moral wrong" and finally to state that Paul IV clearly meant, "intrinsically morally wrong"! How are these switches appropriate and how do they affect his polemic?
Elias Nasser
16 years 2 months ago
Thank you Fr McCormick for spending so much time on the preparation of this article. In my parish this issue is ignored by pastors and parishoners alike. Its a nonissue. I think you correctly point out however the issue goes to the credibility of the teaching authority of the church. The Holy Father came here to Sydney a few weeks ago and we all enjoyed his presence and the lively presence of the young pilgrims: yet I am certain that when it comes to the issue of HV people will respectfully listen to Benedict but do their own thing. This reflects a certain maturity amongst the faithful, The question is whether Benedict and George Pell and the like are happy with this situation. We discerning Catholics are being labelled "cafeteria catholics" or "Catholic Lite" the latter term used by George Pell not so long ago
16 years 2 months ago
Bravo! Finally, an outstanding article written with clarity, honesty and openness about Birth Regulation that has plagued Catholics for the past 40 years. I wish to add a few important points that were not discussed: 1. Most, if not all, Catholics believe in the Church's teaching on marital love and respect for the procreation of life. Nevertheless, married couples practice birth regulation both artificial and natural. Their INTENTION: managing the conception of life and the number of children they want. However, the issue of INTENT seems to be missing from the Church's teaching on Birth Regulation. The Church's teachings say you are lawful and respectful of God and his Church if you practice natural Birth Regulation and morally wrong if you use artificial means. INTENT does not seem to be part of this moral equation. Natural AND artificial Birth Regulation is either morally right or morally wrong because the INTENT of someone's heart is the same. 2. Most Catholics are confused over the meaning of "morally wrong" as used in the Church's teaching on Birth Regulation. I have been a Catholic all my life and I don't know the answers to the following questions. If a couple uses artificial Birth Regulation, is it a mortal or venial sin? If a sin, must a person confess this sin or say an act of contrition before receiving Holy Communion? If people do not confess this sin or say an act of contrition before receiving Holy Communion is it a sacrilege? Local Churches throughout the world elect not to discuss the VATICAN'S answers to these questions for fear of wide-spread criticism and more member defections. 3. Paul VI put aside the 75% majority opinion of his Commission on Birth Regulation and issued Humane Vite. The Pope can do that. But when the Head of the Church on earth continues to oppose the majority opinion of lay people and religious on other serious moral issues, the Church becomes a Head without a Body. Most people believe this has already happened. The result: more and more of the Church's teachings are ignored. 4. Lastly, most people simply follow their hearts and conscience on many moral issues. They are still good Catholics. Thanks be to God! Michael J. Barberi
Mike Escril
8 years 9 months ago
Did you feel the same way when bishops in the South disciplined their flock when 90-95% of them favored segregation ?
16 years 2 months ago
A serious and balanced article by Richard McCormick, SJ. Many thanks. Would that Catholics took the time to read this well-honed and refreshing piece. Church authority has become the be-all and end-all for serious questions: celibate priest shortage, closing parishes, ordination of women priests, openness about sex abuse by clergy, transparency about financial reports, etc., and the dragging-anchor birth control impasse. Keep at a balanced liberal approach. Most Catholic people have resolved this issue in their own minds and consciences and moved on. The church would be wise to bite the bullet now and move on into the future. Paralysis is spreading malaise.
16 years 2 months ago
After another 15 (by now 40) years later, it still seems to me that in addition to the fundamental doctrinal/ethical "bottleneck" about the "intrinsic evil" of certain forms of contraception, the basic practical/pastoral mistake of "Humanae Vitae" (and, for that matter also of "Casti Connubii" of Pius XI)was the linking of contraception (and the "contraceptive mentality") with abortion. While the intention may have been to underline the evil of contraception, the result was just the opposite: the undermining of the Church' authority regarding abortion! -- Another classic (and unfortunate) example of the scholastic adage: "qui nimis probat nihil probat", i.e. he who tries to prove too much ends up proving nothing. Alas.
Frank Bergen
10 years 8 months ago
It seems strange to be replying to Dr. Kal's comments after 5 1/2 years, but I can't resist. He hit the nail on the head. The Roman church has lost its ability to effectively combat and even condemn abortion by its refusal to connect abortion with unintended, unwanted, unsustainable pregnancies. I'll perhaps be cruel, but hardly out of order, in reminding anyone who may, at this late date, read my musings that Roman teaching on sexuality comes from at least theoretically celibate men who appear not to understand any of the aspects of human nature that have to do with sexuality and especially sexual activity. That activity is permissive within very narrow confines, otherwise inextricably bound up in sinfulness. What utter nonsense.
Mike Escril
8 years 9 months ago
It's not strange to be responding to your post which somehow says that preaching against prenatal infanticide is somehow made more difficult because The Gals can't use The Pill. That is nonsense. And what about birth control methods that are abortion-inducing ? As for the celibate men who are preserving our teachings and heritage: who do you think might understand "aspects of human nature that have to do with sexuality" -- the sexually adventuresome? Promiscuous people ? Porn stars ? The only utter nonsense is your demand that the Catholic Church accommodate modernist heresies.
Joseph Keffer
16 years 2 months ago
Thank you, America's Editors, for reprinting this magnificent, thoughtful, and thorough review of the issues surrounding contraception, by a wonderfully expert and thoughtful theologian. There is no question that many conscientious practicing Catholics have unnecessarily agonized over this issue to the discredit of the teaching "magisterium," resulting in their separation from the church, now frustrating our evangelization efforts of the current era. I concur that the issue of "intent" is critical. Those practicing rhythm who "intend" to cancel the procreative potential of sexual intercourse cannot be distinguished, morally, from those who use a mechanical intervention. How sad, that the church has alienated so many. I have faith that the Holy Spirit, in her mysterious way, will alter this outcome in the future. How many will suffer inappropriate pangs of conscience in the interim when the faithful have truly not "received" the teaching? The issue of priority should be the integrity of the body of the faithful, not the pride of the magisterium. Joseph H. Keffer, MD Co-Founder Institute of Bioethics St. Francis Hospital Miami Beach, FL
16 years 1 month ago
Forty years have gone by since the release of Humanae Vitae, and the unsustainability of population growth is becoming increasingly evident. The teaching left out one essential point--that in our respect for life we must respect the limits of life on earth. (This did not begin to be an issue until less than 200 years ago). The responsibility of parents is to provide for the physical, social and emotional needs of the children they bring into the world (maximizing the number of children is not an issue). To do so they must sustain the bonds of their marriage (which marital sex is designed to do). And because we live in community parents also have responsibilities toward the larger community--including today the global community. Revelations alerts us to the Four Horses of the Apocalypse--war, famine, disease and death. These long were the natural means of birth control, however cruel. We have tried to prevent them without substituting something kinder in their place and now the world faces a global catastrophe.
16 years 1 month ago
What strikes me in reading this article is that neither the author nor any of the theology experts listed in the article is infallible. Yet, Pope Paul VI was infallible in formulating and issuing Humanae Vitae. The Church is not a democracy. If one finds it impossible to accept that the contents of a Papal Encyclical dealing with faith and morals are truly the word of God, then perhaps one needs to re-examine whether he or she is truly a Catholic -- or just a Catholic in name only. Jesus advised that we have the faith of little children if we want to enjoy eternal life in heaven. That's enough for me.
Kerianne Kuenz
13 years 11 months ago
I wasn't alive when Humanae Vitae was published, and I was just over 10 years when the author penned this article.  I suppose I should be one of those confused Catholics who are so wrought in conscience that the morality or immorality of contraception should be a huge mystery to me, so large and arcane that I must consult a Jesuit to figure it out.  Thank God, I am not!

How is this issue so unclear and complicated to people?  Honestly-with what logical deficiency must any person claiming to be Catholic, who himself surely proclaims the Lord's Prayer which includes that pesky line about "THY will be done," be diseased under that he cannot likewise see that deliberately frustrating the will of God during sex is completely contrary Catholicism?  By what logical means can a "Catholic" claim fidelity to the will of the Holy Trinity and simultaneously actively work to contravene Its exact creative Will?  Why is this so hard to compute for people?  You don't even have to be Catholic to see this; you simply must be logical.  Self-contradiction in a rational person cannot be seen as virtuous, and Catholics who obstinately contradict Catholic teaching cannot be seen as virtous, or as Catholics, as they recede by much more than "the least degree" indeed (Leo XIII, Satis Cognitum).

As far as the "instrinsically disordered" characteristic of contraception, is this not manifest?  If one were to go through all the motions of reaping a field (courting), baking bread (engagement), blessing the meal (matrimony), and eating it up (consummation), but then artificially induced himself to vomit up the meal like the gluttonous Romans (contraception) so as NOT to become nourished and full (with child), would this not be seen as "instrinsically disordered"?  Is not bulemia an "instrinsically disordered" condition, is not anorexia?  God gives us food to eat, that we may not die, and he gives us sex that we may procreate.  Mis-using God's gifts is something we do only in defiance of His Will, and defiance of our own natures, and is obviously disordered, not to mention gravely (mortally) sinful.

Finally, the author regrettably notes, "The fact that great numbers of Catholics no longer look to the church for enlightenment in the area of sexual morality. The fact that bishops do not feel free to state their opinions honestly."

First of all, "Catholics" who do not look to the Church for teaching on sexual morality are NOT Catholics.  No one has the right to ignore or deny the teachings of the Holy Catholic Church on matters of faith and morals (Vatican I)-and likewise, no one has the right to claim they have the right to ignore the Church on matters of faith and morals.  As for the Bishops, their contrary "opinions" are irrelevant, and a bishop should quiver at the thought of taking an "opinion" against the teaching of the Church, and repeat to himself the warnings of Doctor and Saint Athanasius that the "floor of Hell is paved with the skulls of bishops" who reject unchanging Church teaching. 

Perhaps we should all remember the times of Saint Athanasius, especially in regards to this fallacious appeals to "most Catholics" this and "most Catholics" that.  "Most Catholics", including perhaps 95% of the BISHOPS, during his time called Saint Anthanius an old-fashioned lump-on-the-log for not accepting Arianism, a heresy against our Lord!  The rumors of heretics mean nothing, and "most Catholics" who reject Church teaching on contraception likewise have an "opinion" that means a great deal for their salvation (and we pray for their correction), but the opinion of this "most" means nothing for the unchanging teaching of the Church.  This is not a complicated issue.
Jaybee Anne Ponce
11 years 1 month ago
Most Catholics", including perhaps 95% of the BISHOPS, during his time called Saint Anthanius an old-fashioned lump-on-the-log for not accepting Arianism, a heresy against our Lord! The rumors of heretics mean nothing, and "most Catholics" who reject Church teaching on contraception likewise have an "opinion" that means a great deal for their salvation (and we pray for their correction), but the opinion of this "most" means nothing for the unchanging teaching of the Church.authentic jordans for cheap
Michael Barberi
10 years 8 months ago
I am not certain why this article appears now, but I am most appreciative of it. I did comment in 2008 at the start of my theological training. At that time, I found it perplexing that "intention" was not particularly important to the teaching Humanae Vitae (HV) because many people can have a good intention but do evil things, such as practice contraception as a form of birth regulation in the practice of responsible parenthood. Looking back, I did not understand moral theology or the ethics of Thomas Aquinas, et al. Nevertheless, I was not far off from an important theological principle even though, in 2008, I could not argue the point very well. The Church and theologians in support of HV claim that if an agent "chooses" contraception they somehow have an "a priori" evil intention. What is perplexing is that according to Aquinas, an agent first formulates a motivation (volition), an act of the will, which leads to an end-goal such as to be a responsible parent. If after further reflection, this end-goal is good, the agent commits to this goal by embracing another willful act called intention. Still further, if there are various options available to bring about this goal, the agent through the use of reason deliberates about the various means that would accomplish this goal. If through reasoned deliberation a means-act is suitable (e.g., has a ratio boni, due matter and due circumstances), and it possess a due proportion (reasonable and virtuous to his/her end/goal), the agent chooses this means-act that will achieve his/her end-goal. Thus, a agent does not "start" with choosing a means-act. Rather, the agent starts with an end/goal. The intention-to-end is the reason the agent chooses a means-act to realize his/her intention-to-end. If the end is good as well as the circumstances, and the means-act is a useful good, then the total voluntary human act is not immoral. To recap, one cannot determine, a priori, that the agent's intention is morally evil solely because of the chosen means-act without knowing the agent's end and circumstances. However, this is precisely what the the Church is doing. In other words, a voluntary human act has no meaning and no end by itself. It is only the agent that gives a means-act an intention-to-end and meaning. I ask: What is the end-goal of the agent regarding birth regulation? For most, if not all, married couples it is to ensure that conception does not occur as a result of sexual intercourse. This is the goal of natural family planning (NFP) couples and couples who practice contraception. Both separate the unitive and procreative meanings of the marital act. One does this by the use of a pill (temporarily suspending ovulation), the other by the deliberate and willful human physical acts of measuring basil temperature and cervical mucus to determine the times that are infertile so that sexual intercourse can be performed at those times in order to ensure that every act of sexual intercourse is non-procreative. Either both NFP and contraception violate HV or they do not. [This subject is far too complicated than my simple explanation and this blog is not the right forum for a heavy discussion of this subject.]

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