The Editors
While the pontificate of Pope Benedict XVI has certainly enjoyed major successes, like the pope’s visit last fall to England to beatify Cardinal Newman, the crises that have led to empty pews in the Catholic parishes of England, Europe and the United States persist.
The fundamental criticism of the institutional church is that its clerical, all-male establishment has not made room for other voices. There is no need to list the number of recent policy decisions, from Rome to home, which would have been more prudent if only a variety of laypersons had been consulted.
Jesus told his disciples that they were servants, that they were to feed the hungry and share their wealth with the poor and that they should demonstrate their love for one another by offering their lives in service. Some in church leadership have done the opposite, creating a culture of clericalism that too often values loyalty over accountability. In these circumstances, a project of reform is essential to rejuvenate church leadership and give greater voice to the whole church. As Pope John Paul II wrote in “Novo Millennio Ineunte,” quoting St. Paulinus of Nola: “Let us listen to what all the faithful say, because in every one of them the Spirit of God breathes” (No. 45).
How to begin? No one should anticipate changes in the existing discipline on celibacy or in the teaching on women’s ordination, but there are other ways to reform church structures to allow women and married men to participate in church governance. One proposal is simply to change canon law to admit laypeople to the College of Cardinals. The church could thereby continue its all-male priesthood, yet transform the “men’s club” into a church with a face that more resembles the people of God described in the documents of the Second Vatican Council.
A more realistic proposal, however, would entail two steps: First, reorganize diocesan offices so that laypeople constitute at least half of the bishop’s principal advisers. (Increasing numbers of laity have already been hired as staff in many U.S. dioceses.) Second, create a new body, an international council of laypersons to share functions with the College of Cardinals. After attrition among the cardinals, each of the two bodies eventually could have 100 members. The lay members would be Catholics who love the church and are recognized for sound Christian judgment. They would come from a variety of occupations—education, health, religious life, law, the arts, business, science, government and labor. Church leadership would not be limited to elderly men but would be expanded to include men and women, married and unmarried, of different ages. Wisdom, after all, can be found from a multitude of sources, something that St. Benedict acknowledged when he urged an abbot at a monastery to solicit the opinion of even the youngest member of the community: “By the Lord’s inspiration, it is often a younger person who knows what is best.”
Some members of the council would direct Vatican offices; others would come to Rome for regular consultation. Membership could be proportionate to the Catholic populations throughout the world, chosen for a specified term on the recommendation of grass-roots representative caucuses of clergy and laity. The combined college and council would share three functions: administer the Vatican offices, advise the pope and select his successor.
These laypeople would offer much-needed perspective on the impact of the teachings and practices of the church, including such divisive subjects as contraception, the role of women in the church, the treatment of homosexuals and the failure of authorities to respond quickly and forcefully to the scandal of sexual abuse by members of the clergy. They would understand other pastoral failings, like the denial of the Eucharist to public persons because of their political positions, a too modest peace and justice agenda, lackluster liturgies with unprepared sermons and insensitive celebrants.
One may object that this initiative is a “pie in the sky” idea that the clerical establishment would never accept. Perhaps. Yet the implementation of specific alternatives like a lay council need not threaten the current leadership. For the authority of the church “is exercised in the service of truth and charity” (“Ut Unum Sint,” No. 3). Nor would a council undermine the pope’s authority. As Pope John Paul II wrote of the papacy: “The authority proper to this ministry is completely at the service of God’s merciful plan and it must always be seen in this perspective” (No. 92). Discerning that plan is a task that Catholics should take on together.
Following Pope John Paul’s example, we encourage our readers, clergy and lay, to evaluate this proposal and suggest other reforms that would achieve the same goals. The church has survived these 2,000 years because at key moments it chose the path of renewal. It may be that another such moment has arrived.
Comments
And no matter how dramatically lay people are invited into the various strata of influence, we still need, will always need, ordained priests, and the Church will thrive much better with a greater number of priests. There is no getting around this. Lots of our currently practicing priests are beyond retirement age, yet feel pressured to remain. They are lovely people, but they are dying and are not being replaced quickly enough in the American Church to sustain a healthy priesthood. Lay people cannot confect the Eucharist and hear Confessions. One has to make the active priesthood attractive to young men for their number to increase. When a young man sees that the priesthood is both a place where he could bring a family and be an institution which functions in a way that he recognizes as a healthy modern institution (recommended by the editors of America), it is much more likely he will hear a call, first of all, and answer it, second of all. The male clergy has got to stop regarding marriage as terrifying, and sexuality as terrifying.
But as far as it does go, congratulations to the editors of America. I wish us all good luck and God Speed with our efforts at reform.
The suggestion voiced before Pope John Paul II at the October 1994 Synod of Bishops in Rome by African bishop Ernest Kombo of Owando that women might some day be named “lay cardinals,” offers some timely grist for thought.
Some years ago Msgr. Joseph N. Moody was in San Francisco to be installed by Archbishop John R. Quinn as the newly elected president of the American Catholic Historical Association. Here is his terse comment to a letter I had shared with him when he visited my office here I San Francisco:
I received the copy I requested of the first draft of your letter to America on the intriguing subject, ‘Can women be cardinals if they cannot be priests?’
At first glance one might expect here an extremist piece, pressing for some outrageous demand.
On the contrary, I found it sober, solidly based on an understanding of history, and interesting as a potential escape from the apparent indifference of the Church to the strength of the woman’s movement.
The suggestion certainly should be taken seriously. It should stimulate thought in the direction of filling the aspirations of women for a role in the Church without changing traditional attitudes toward the priesthood.
Msgr. Joseph N. Moody
I had reminded Msgr. Moody that, historically, the last cardinal who was not a priest was Giacomo Card. Antonelli (1806-1876), secretary of state to Pius IX, and that in 1489 Giovanni de’ Medici (the future Pope Leo X) was made a cardinal at the age of 13 by Pope Innocent VIII. The Church can make of the cardinalate whatever she wishes. And she has.
The requirement (since John XXIII) that every cardinal be a bishop need not be a hindrance: the same Church that makes the rule can make the exception, as it did, for instance, with Card. Pavan (1983), with Card. deLubac (1985) and, more recently, with Card. Avery Dulles (2001). Because he was a cardinal but not a bishop, Dulles became an honorary, non-voting member, of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops..
In his May 30, 1994 apostolic letter Ordinatio Sacerdotalis Pope John Paul II reaffirmed the position that the Church does not have the authority to confer priestly ordination on women. The obvious implication being that, if we had the authority, we would not hesitate to ordain them.
Since we will never see an apostolic letter claiming that the church does not consider herself authorized to confer the cardinalate on women, and since “the Church needs the gifts and talents of women, also as consultants at all levels,” (John Paul II, July 13, 1994), why is not a serious official effort being exerted toward redressing what many consider an obviously sexist ecclesiastical “tradition,” the all-male College of Cardinals? Clicking “Women presidents or prime ministers” on my web browser, I get a list of 49 women either presidents or prime ministers of a country. Wouldn’t a woman be also capable to serve our church as a cardinal? Is it unreasonable to dream that some day there might be women to represent over half of humankind in the pope’s council, even to help elect the pope of all?
In his May 30, 1994 apostolic letter Ordinatio Sacerdotalis Pope John Paul II reaffirmed the position that the Church does not have the authority to confer priestly ordination on women. The obvious implication is that, if we had the authority, we would not hesitate to ordain them. It does not appear likely that some future apostolic letter will ever claim that the church does not consider herself authorized to confer the cardinalate on women.
Perhaps our ecclesiology is stronger than our Christology. In the Latin Creed we say of God’s Son “et homo factus est” (and He became a human being), and not “et vir factus est” (and He became a male).
Women cardinals? I smile when I recall what has been proposed as the Conservative Manifesto: “Nothing must ever be done for the first time.”
In the lifetime of many of us, one of the hierarchy's greatest follies was not listening to Paul VI's Birth Control Commission, composed of distinguished lay persons, when it handed in the report supporting artificial birth control. The negative domino affect of the decision to reject the report haunts the Church even today. The life experience of Lay Persons is an untapped mine of riches which could, over a long period of time, begin to heal so much of the damage which has led to the empty pews described in America's 2/21 editorial, Laity Near the Top. The idea of a Council sharing functions with the College of Cardinals, is not new. The Association for the Rights of Catholics in the Church (ARCC) made this proposal fifteen years ago when it called for a convention, composed of lay, religious and ordained leaders to guide the governance of the Church. This call has not gone unheeded. The American Catholic Council will be held in Detroit this coming June 10-12 at the Cobo Convention Center. The only input from hierarchy has, unfortunately, been condemnation from the local Ordinary, Archbishop Vigneron. Throwing out the baby with the bathwater comes to mind.
Mary Louise Hartman
In other words, you'd just have two church bureaucracies, filled with politicians, instead of merely one. Back to the drawing board :O)
Think again Jesuits, it looks like lay involvement is not the magic bulletin you hoped for...see below in light of recent philadelphia priest scandal
"The chancery announcement on the new process [of abuse review] conspicuously made no mention of the local church’s lay review board, whose members were heavily criticized by the Philadelphia grand jury for their response to the contested allegations." (rocco, feb 17, 2011)
A very useful concrete proposal to advance to a more integrated church.
Your comments demonstates the classic reponse of some Catholics laity to conflicts: conflicts are bad and should should not exist. "All else is vanity". Really.
Denial of conflict is a denial of reality. In the real world conflicts among people happen all the time and everywhere. and are often in need of some kind of resolution. Conflicts are not rare or unexpected and arise in the church and , no surprise, in the discussion of articles in America magazine.
The Gospel is not a mechanism for hiding from or avoiding the reality of conflict. Conflict is part of the human condition that can not be avoided even by the church. People do not agree on all things all the time. People do disagree and have issues to be resolved.. The hope is tha conflicts properly recognized and addressed can be resolved or otherwise dealt with.
The misinterpretation and misuse of scripture and the Gospel is one big reason that the laity should not be relied on to lead the church. Leadership in the church does require careful training in sacred text and doctrine.and a grounding in reality. This is not something the average Catholic school boy or girl can do without muddling the text beyond recognition. We do not need modern day Peter the Hermits or Hermitesses leading the church down new mystical rabbit holes of unreality. We need church leaders who can deal with reality and not school boys and girls with primitive misinterpretations of scripture and general lack of realism and wisdom.
ROFL - Can you imagine a church committee made up of the above editorialist and the commentators that followed. It would take them an eternity to come to an agreeable conclusion to any perceived problem. Reminds me of the story of that famous committee that got together to plan and invent the horse. By the time they were finished that had constructed the camel. Our divinely human church struggles along in many aspects, however, it's established purpose to spread the "good news" of Jesus Christ to the world has not waivered thereby being and remaining the source of salvation for that world. God's gift to the world is himself. The only thing necessary. All else is vanity. Work it out boys and girls and get over yourselves.
We are talking about the church not the circus. But your quotee shows you are a good Catholic school boy. Your mother will be so proud.
Tom M. -
See the Gospel, Matthew 28:19: "Go, therefore, and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit" .Going to all nations and making them disciples certainly implies something to do with numbers and mass appeal. If it doesn't, Jesus's command makes no sense.
What you dismiss as public relations campaign is known in Church talk as catechesis and evangelization. These are commonly viewed as central parts of the Roman Catholic Church's mission that connect directly to the Gospel quote above. They are tools for making disciples, whether the target is an aboriginal heathen or a neighbor edging toward the Church exit.This analysis of the church is backward. Generations of Catholics' faith are not based on an Equal Employment Opportunity model of participation. Or on other concerns of participation or governance which sound suspiciously like that of the Unitarian church or some other Protestant group who do not believe as we do in the Gospel as interpreted by the church, the mission of the church, or its sacrements. To us the Gospel is not an incidental cultural artifact or just another nice moral story. The Gospel proclaims the divinity of Christ who is the way the truth and the light. We are not just another social gathering of well meaning people. We have the Gospel the divine word of Christ. The church should not become just another human organization or busines that emphasizes the congregation or stockholders over the Gospel message and its implementation in the world. Where in the Gospel does it say the church should be judged on its mass appeal and popularity? Should a popular vote or sentiment determine our moral codes we should live by? Should we embrace the superficial and become a fun religion by setting aside rules that challenge and dismay imperfect human beings? How far should we go to rationalize the truth and kid ourselves to accommodate the dissatified? Is it part of the church's mission to have a public relations campaign aimed at Catholics who are experincing dissatifation with the church ? We need to redicover that the Gospel is all about and stop with the fades and fashions that have nothing to do with the Gospel.
Where do these sterile ideas about the Catholic church come from and from whom?
I’ve decided to continue my post #24, regarding “Laity At The Top?” with the following lay-input on two live wire issues wrinkling the forehead of the Mystical Body of Christ namely, celibacy and women priests.
Up front let me say, I believe in the charism of celibacy, a gift given by Jesus to the whole Church. Indeed, the soon to be “Blessed” Pope John Paul II once said, that, married members of the Church should also practice celibacy from time, to time, sharing thereby in the special splendor of Grace contained therein. The faithful practice of celibacy can be a hard crust of bread to chew and I realize at 80, it’s a lot easier to support it than say, at 25! But when all is said and done it’s probably no harder than the struggle married persons encounter in practicing spousal fidelity! Bodily restrain is difficult no matter how you cut it! But it can be done, even if scars happen! The body of Jesus was also scarred in his salvific Passion.. And in that according to Faith, all sinners find a saving Companion.However, when it comes to clerical celibacy, I think Orthodox Christianity probably has it right. Seminarians on the way to priesthood may marry, but it must happen before they receive the Deaconate. But Bishops are called to service only from among the celibates. Maybe our Catholic Church can in time, institute a similar, or identical discipline. Of course here’s the hard part - it would take humility for those Catholic ecclesiastics
What about women as ministerial priests? I don’t advocate it, but would like to see women ordained as Deacons. For women to aspire to the priestly office is rooted in Faith that the priesthood is what the Church says it is and so, it’s a good and holy aspiration in itself. Many holy women have aspired to the priesthood, notably St. Therese of Lisieux. But I think the call of women to priesthood is moral and maternal, which resides in the natural and supernatural genetics of the female, through the Blessed Virgin Mary who is not only Mother of the Church, but also Mother of the Priesthood and of all priests.who hold the wheels of change to admit that someone other has done it better, in which case it might be useful for them to recall the revealed Word of God which says, “God resists the proud, but gives his grace to the humble!” So it seems to me.
That women of our day aspire to the priesthood has little or nothing to do with the Woman’s Liberation Movement. Indeed it goes back at least as far as 494 when Pope St. Gelasius I, stopped the ordination of women to the priesthood which was happening in Southern Sicily. Additionally, Canon XI of the Fourth Century Laodicean Council forbade the practice. In our day “Blessed Pope John Paul II said it wasn’t that the Church didn’t want to ordain women, but rather it’s because the Church feels it doesn’t have the mandate from Christ to do so. That sounds sensible to me.
In conclusion let me invoke Abraham Lincoln and Thomas Aquinas, strange as it may seem. Once Lincoln’s wife asked him to introduce a Bill in Congress that would give her the title of “Madam President.” Abe embraced he saying, “I much prefer the title, Mother!” In Aquinas’s day the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception had not yet been defined and he confessed he had difficulty believing it. But he added if the Church ever defined it as Dogma, he would certainly accept it. That’s the way I feel about women priests. If the Church reverses itself, so will I!The list of proposed areas of lay expertise includes "business". Within that field are a few world-class experts in the art and science of management who know what to do when:
- The people most important to you, who define your purpose and mission, are leaving in droves- Members of your permanent professional staff keep being exposed in criminal matters
It would be no affront to the Holy Spirit to exploit this lay human talent while waiting for Divine help.- Your public declarations are too often met with puzzlement, antipathy, or worse
- Your major sources of funds are fading fastest
Nothing will change in the Church until the laity cease financial support of the RCC. Some posts above talk about the revolution in Egypt. Laity in the RCC could launch their own revolution be simply closing theri wallets and checkbooks and encouraging others to do the same. When Rome lacks financial resources, it will respond to the call for reform.
Perhaps a "key moment" is approaching: A monsignor archdiocesan official indicted for two coverup-related felonies in Philadelphia. An LA monsignor, Vicar for Clergy, out of office after assigning a known abuser in 2009, four years after his diocese paid $660M for abuse and days after a reporter inquired. The Catholic Church in Ireland(!) expected to be reported to the Pope as within 10 or fewer years of collapse. Legal action against retired Cardinals being sought in The Netherlands and Philadelphia for deliberate abuse coverups. An Anglican Ordinariate established in Peru to receive departing Roman Catholic priests and, possibly, their congregations and clergy from Uruguay, Ecuador, and Argentina.
And this month is only half over. One wonders if any news of such Church activity in the world breaches the ramparts of the Vatican. What could any lay panel hope to do if inserted into the known turmoil of 2011, even with authority, which seems implausible?You close by noting that "the church has survived these 2,000 years because at key moments it chose the path of renewal". It would be very interesting and possibly useful to see a well-chosen list of some important "key moments" accompanied by a description of the prior duress that pushed the Church to choose the path of renewal in each case. It would not be surprising to find that major external pressures of one kind or another had to act for quite a while before the Church authorities recognized that there was no choice but to renew in some fashion. If there are lessons in that history, they might guide present day efforts. Millions of words and bad PR don't appear to exert much leverage.
I agree with what “Laity At The Top?” says. In God’s own way and in God’s own time may the proposals and others too, come to fruition. But like post #5 of Ernie who at 80 doesn’t expect the changes to happen in his lifetime, neither do I, also at age 80 Also regarding post #2 of Gabriel, respectfully allow the following. Yes, prayer is the alpha and the omega at all times and in all things. And as you suggested, the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius Loyola is a great way to go. The trouble is, you seem to make prayer the only necessary prerequisite to reform in the Church. This doesn’t jive with the thinking of St. Ignatius, who said that although we must always pray as if everything depended on God, we must also work just as diligently as if everything depended on ourselves. That’s exactly what the editors of “Laity At The Top?” are trying to do - get the ball rolling!
Now about my two cents! Regarding laity as Cardinals, including women of course, let it happen good Jesus! The Cardinalate is an honorary title, having no intrinsic connection to Holy Orders. Cardinals are simply Papal advisors and electors, functions that laypeople can no doubt handle very well. If my memory serves me well, the last layman named Cardinal was Antonelli, during the reign of Pope Leo XIII. According to custom he was then ordained to the priesthood and I think consecrated as Bishop. But I’m talking about non-ordained laity serving in the College of Cardinals. How inclusive that would be!Also if I may add, let it be as it was in the beginning and as it happened at various times and places, that Bishops, including even the Bishop of Rome, be called to Episcopal service not only from the ranks of the clergy, but also from the ranks of unmarried and qualified laymen, as happened with the appointment of Anselm as Bishop of Milan. St. Anselm is also a Doctor of The Church. I am sure somewhere in the Universal Church there are laymen who would make excellent Bishops and even a Pope or two! Church rules must first unwind to allow such candidates to emerge into the light.
There’s so much more that should be said but I think this Post is long enough. Please God I hope, one of these day the Church will seriously heed the words of St. Paulinus of Nola, quoted by JPll in “Novo Millemio Ineunte” honoring Sensus Fidelium, “Let us listen to what all the faithful say because in everyone of them the Spirit of God breathes!”I think the superb article b yFr. Paul Crowley in America on "Tomorrow's Theologians" offers a perspective of what may yet change long after I'm gone.
Their breadth of perspective in looking at the faith with their fresh eyes sounds a note far better than the often less than informed and shoot from the lip approach we find in blogdom where some have all the answere, neatly prepackaged, already.
In the Acts of the Apostles, we first hear about episcopoi (overseers) which we translate ecclesially as 'bishops', presbyteroi (elders who presided at the Eucharist) which we translate ecclesially as 'priests' and diakonoi (servants who cared for the widows and orphans) which we ecclesially translate as 'deacons'. In the Church of the Acts of the Apostles, these were functions, not offices exercising power.
The heirarchical structure was given to the Church by the Emperor Constantine in the early third century. Much of the structure of the Roman Church is more Roman than Christian. That's right: the structure of the Church at Rome adapted (acculturated) itself to the the Roman culture and empire. There is nothing 'sacred' about our structure. It is not infallible or unchangeable.
My experience has been, more often than not, when the laity are selected for offices or ministry in the local Church, the modus operandi of the universal Church in appointing bishops is often the model: "safe" people are chosen who will not rock the boat. And very few at that! I have seen these 'empowered' laity (including some permanent deacons) become even more 'clerical' than the bishops and priests.
If the reforms of Vatican II are ever fully implemented, it will not be because of these appointments of safe laity to token positions which only seek to maintain the staus quo. Like Gameliel in the Acts of the Apostles, I believe that the reforms, if they are of God, will come ... regardless of clerical efforts to stifle them. I sometimes imagine St. Paul in the midst of the modern ecclesial structure: he would have been silenced and exiled long ago.
While all of these proposals for renewal in the church are steps in the right direction, collectively they continue to support the all-male world of Roman Catholic hierarchical leadership. Until a woman's vocation to ordained ministry is recognized for what it is - a call from God - any other calls should get in line. To say that "no one should anticipate" changes in current celibacy and ordination disciplines is disingenuous at best. Most American Catholics (including many ordained men muffled by the system) support change to these two disciplines and many thousands have left the church because of current intransigence. (They have not left their faith; they are finding it elsewhere.) These are only two subjects that require church-wide dialogue among parties able to participate with unfailing mutual respect and charity. Until that happens, we are not the People of God in the way we practice. We are the ordained and the rest of us, in the act of becoming the People of God. It shouldn't take so much nor should it take so long to bring all of us together. The Church in the 21st century needs to kick off a campaign of mutual regard for the other in our midst - for women and the married who have discerned a vocation to ordained ministry. Now THERE'S a leap forward. Yes, I certainly do anticipate these changes. These, too, qualify as "other ways" to alter church structures.
By the way, when Voice of the Faithful used the term "structure of the Church" in 2002, we were summarily banned from meeting on church prooperty in eight dioceses. See how things have changed already!My problem with the overtures to the laity is that the gestures are merely symbolic rather than actual. Until women are allowed in the hierarchy as equals to men at all levels, the Church will continue its decline.
I get so tired of cosmetic symbolic changes: e.g., in some parishes we say, 'for us... and for our salvation He came down...' as if leaving out the word MEN makes me feel suddenly included (it does the oposite because it highlights the Church's sexism).
it embarrasses me to read about Jesuits as they march against a corporation or boycott a product - don't they know people do the same thing for the same reasons agaisnt our institution? Shouldn't we Catholics focus on our own institution before we point figures at others?
Until the men on the inside make room for women on the inside as equals, claims of social justice and equality will continue to ring hollow.
2. I must not be going to the right parishes, where the empty pews cry out for more lay involvement. I can hardle find a seat in the ones I frequent, for the zeal of the laity in attending Mass, listenning to orthodox sermons quoting the Fathers, Aquinas, John Paul the Great and Benedict XVI.
I guess my experience of 43 states and 9 foreign countries is too limited to see the trend the editors of America see.
Whining about not having power is admitting you are not ready to wield it. The Church is administered by men who got up early every day for years getting prepared. Are you prepared? Or is your mind full of fuzzy ideas about let's all love one another and ignore history?
Granted that the ecclesiastical authority trip without benefit of professional management has gone on long enough (feel-good economics, coverup of priestly lust, lax seminarian development, etc). But who is ready to improve matters? You? Me? What is our vision for the Church and how do we propose implementing it? Or are we just going to let the feel-good crowd have lots of meetings about the communion rail, embryonic stem cells, and evolution?
In days of yesteryear young men practiced fast draw out behind the barn. But when they came to town, with all the noise of the crowds, the flying dust in the air, and horse poop everywhere, they were usually shot down in the street.
My suggestion: find out where the Church is working well (by their fruits you shall know them) and proceed to imitate.
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